Multiplex PCR can reduce considerable time and cost in GMOs detection by decreasing the reactions' number required. In despite of the advantages of these methods, some of them are time-consuming, costly or use harmful radioactive probes. Several new technologies developed recently, such as nested PCR, real-time PCR and DNA microarray technology, can effectively avoid these shortcomings ( 9–11). The most PCR protocols need take much effort to accomplish the process of GMOs detection as a single target can be amplified in the reaction. Though several approaches for GMOs detection have been developed, the most often used methods still rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detecting DNA molecules which are more thermostable than proteins ( 8). Accordingly, the development of fast, sensitive and reliable analytical methods for determining GMOs in foodstuffs and derived products is considered advantageous. The control of the labeling of foodstuffs has resulted in a strong demand for the detection of GMOs. Both of European and Japanese legislation have introduced the requirement of the compulsory labeling of food with a threshold of 0.9 and 5% of authorized GMOs, respectively ( 6, 7). At present, many countries have implemented the labeling system to enforce the regulation of GM food. In the course of the commercialization of GM organisms (GMOs), a lot of controversies surrounding their potential risks to human health, the environment and biodiversity have emerged ( 3–5). Glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready soybean (RRS), the most common line of transgenic soybean used in food and feed, has been approved in many countries including the European Union (EU) ( 2). GM soybeans are the principal transgenic crops grown in the word. By the end of 2011, the estimated global area of GM crops has exceeded 160 million hectares ( 1).
In the latest few years, GM crops have been growing consistently and their derivatives are becoming widespread. The proposed method was rapid, sensitive and specific and can be used to identify and detect GM soybean in food samples.Ī variety of crop cultivars with different characteristics have been created since the advent of the first genetically modified (GM) plant in 1983. The relative standard deviation of migration time was in the range of 0.17–0.95%. A sensitivity of 0.1% GM organisms content was obtained, which was remarkably lower than the labeling threshold for transgenic food defined as 0.9% in the European regulation. The specificity of the method was evaluated by testing non-GM soybean materials and three GM maize varieties (MON810, Bt176 and Bt11). The detection of the PCR products of RRS was completed within 4 min under the optimal conditions. Response surface methodology was introduced to determine the optimal separation condition in MCE with good resolution and short analytical time. A multiplex-touchdown polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system was developed for simultaneously amplifying three target sequences in Roundup Ready soybean (RRS). The combination of the molecular technique, the multivariate strategy and microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) was applied to rapid and sensitive analysis of genetically modified (GM) soybean in food samples.
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